Spark Plasma Sintering of fine-grained SrWO^sub 4^ and NaNd(WO^sub 4^)^sub 2^ tungstates ceramics with the scheelite structure for nuclear waste immobilization

Spark Plasma Sintering has been used to obtain first ever fine-grained SrWO4 and NaNd(WO4)2 ceramics with the scheelite structure and high density (95.8–99%) that are promising as materials for nuclear waste immobilization. It has been demonstrated that the densification intensity in tungstates at the initial sintering stage is determined by the agglomeration degree of input powders. The activation energy of fine-grained ceramics with the scheelite structure has been established to correlate at high temperatures with the activation energy of grain-boundary diffusion. Rapid sintering of fine-grained NaNd(WO4)2 ceramic results in internal tensile stress fields that lead to lowered hardness and fracture toughness of the ceramic.