Speaking to each other? An exploration of ‘axial opposition’ in urban design

A geometrical arrangement in the plans of towns and cities throughout history is the location of two components—one at each end of a common axis—usually with one facing towards the other. There is great variation in the way the concept has been applied, whether comprising buildings, sculpture, or natural landscape features in various combinations. It is sometimes assertive and apparent, but often so restrained and discreet that few are aware of its existence. The term ‘axial opposition’ is introduced in this paper to describe this configuration, since it is rarely recognized and never named in the literature. A range of case studies in Western cities is used to illustrate the concept, to explore whether or not there is intended symbolism, and to contemplate its relevance to contemporary urbanism.