Transformational Leadership: Beyond Initiation and Consideration

Hierarchical regressions using the responses of 138 subordinates about 55 managers show that, as predicted, Bass' (1985b) transformational leader model adds to initiation and consideration in explaining the variance of subordinates' satisfaction and ratings of leader effectiveness. Further analysis, using leader ratings by one subordinate and outcome ratings by a second subordinate, largely confirms this augmentation effect. There was disconfirmation for the effect on reported extra effort, suggesting that the relation of transformational leadership to subordinate's extra effort is a dyadic rather than a group effect.