Otters as Actors: Scientific Controversy, Dynamism of Networks, and the Implications of Power in Ecological Restoration

In this paper, we use scientific controversy emerging from a river otter restoration project in Missouri to explore the role of nonhuman actors in the dynamism of networks forming to establish the ideals and outcomes of ecological restoration. We demonstrate how an epistemic controversy, sparked by the failure of authoritative spokespersons (such as scientists) to enroll river otters, fish, and waterways, opened the door for a more diverse group of spokespersons who, in turn, enrolled more actors to settle the controversy. Thus, we emphasize the need to recognize the role of nonhumans as catalysts and actors because of their potential to challenge and change networks. Second, we explore the struggle between the networks that emerged to (re)define the restoration narrative as accomplished (necessitating the trapping of otters) or incomplete (with the otter population in possible jeopardy). Finally, our discussion highlights the importance of convergence and power when competing networks are involved. The otter restoration case study makes evident that a successful exercise of power has significant consequences for human and nonhuman actors alike, all of which have a stake in the landscape.