Chromosome manipulations for progress of triticale (×Triticosecale) breeding

In this review, we present the current state of knowledge and directions of future prebreeding studies of hexaploid triticale concerning chromosome manipulations. We specify the main goals for creating chromosome aberrations in this artificially generated crop, which are referred to as introgression of genes that are responsible for quality traits, biotic stresses resistance, and heterosis. We discuss the breeding methods, supported by cytomolecular analyses, which are based on development of chromosome aberrations induced by meiotic restitution, chromosome elimination, chromosome fragmentation or random fusion of chromatin fragments into chromosome structures. What is more, this kind of chromosome manipulations can be generated through induced cross‐hybridizations, which are alternatives to genome editing technologies, associated with the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). We also show the newest modifications and improvements in triticale breeding strategies, which involve recent achievements in cytogenetics and genomics. At last, we discuss how the new methods, such as gametocidal factor system or induced homoeologous recombination, can be exploited to accelerate the breeding considering particular end‐use properties of triticale.