Antibacterial and anti‐PmrA activity of plant essential oils against fluoroquinolone‐resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is recognized as one of the major cause of infections in communities and hospitals. In this study, anti‐pneumococcal and anti‐efflux pump activity of two medicinal plants (Thymus daenensis and Origanum vulgare) essential oils were evaluated. Checkerboard assay test was performed for investigation of the effects of selected EOs on ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ethidium bromide (EtBr) uptake in pmrA‐overexpressed fluoroquinolone‐resistant pneumococcus. Using quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR the PmrA efflux pump gene (pmrA) expression was evaluated following treatment with selected EOs. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis was performed for identifying the major components of the tested EOs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for pneumococcus isolates were 0·625–2·5 μl ml−1 for T. daenensis and 1·25–5 μl ml−1 for O. vulgare EOs. We confirmed that in all strains T. daenensis and O. vulgare have a total or partial synergistic effects with CIP and EtBr (FICI from 0·14 to 0·75). In other hand MIC/2 concentration of T. daenensis and O. vulgare EOs caused a significant downregulation of pmrA gene (P