Analysis on the relationships between energy supply and demand and urbanization in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, China

Developing urbanization aggravates the consumption of energy and the imbalance between energy supply and demand,creating a feedback that restricts continued development.Urban agglomeration is an important form of urbanization in China.Facilitating the synergistic effects within urban agglomeration to alleviate the gap between energy supply and demand is of great significance to realizing regional sustainable development.By using the urban agglomeration of BeijingTianjin-Hebei as a case study,energy supply and demand for 2001-2015 were calculated systematically at the city level,and three types of energy supply and demand characteristics were identified by ward clustering method.The spatial and temporal differences of energy supply and demand in each type were then analyzed.And the relationship between supply and demand represented by the ratio was compared.The multi-index comprehensive analysis method was used to further explore the relationship between energy supply and demand and urbanization.The results are described as follows.(1) The energy supply and demand in different cities of the urban agglomeration had clear spatial and temporal variations.From the view of characteristics of energy supply,the average energy supply of high production cities(such as Tianjin) has transitioned from a rising to stationary trend,while the energy supply in low production cities(such as Shijiazhuang) is changing unstably,and the average supply differences of the two types of cities is 24976600 tons of standard coal.However,high consumption cities such as Beijing and Tianjin have shown decreasing trends in recent years,while low consumption cities(such as Cangzhou) have been variable in recent years,but the average difference between the consumption of the two types was47524900 tons of standard coal.(2) Based on the ratio of the energy supply and demand,cities are all manifested as insufficient of energy supply,and there are clear differences between energy supply and demand of cities.Among the cities,Tianjin has the strongest self-sufficiency capacity of energy,but its production is lower than 65% of its own consumption,while Baoding,one of the cities with the weakest self-sufficiency,is almost entirely dependent on external energy supply.(3) The relationship between the balance of urban energy supply and demand and the level of urbanization is not consistent.To study the cities that are inconsistent with the modes of energy supply and demand and urbanization,advanced a