Alternatives to the "Talking Cure": Black Music as Traumatic Testimony in Toni Morrison's "Song of Solomon"

In their early research, therefore, Breuer and Freud develop a form of narrative medicine where the sufferer of trauma remembers both imagined and real traumatic events and gives verbal utterance to these painful memories, utterance that effects a cathartic emotional discharge.\n That music is no longer exclusively ours; we don't have exclusive rights to it. According to Pete Welding, Muddy Waters, a pioneer of the postwar blues style, was in the late 1950s "taken up by a new authence - young, white, and middle class" (5).