Laser pumping methods in cesium and rubidium atoms in new generations of highly stable industrial quantum frequency standards

Theoretical and experimental studies have been made on laser pumping in quantum discriminators containing rubidium and cesium vapor cells, including double radio-optical resonance, light shifts of frequency, quality parameters, frequency instability, and so on. Good agreement is shown between the theoretical and experimental results, which may serve as the scientific basis for constructing new generations of quantum frequency standards with elevated metrological characteristics.