The Role of Medium of Exchange in Merger Offers: Examination of Terminated Merger Proposals

In this study, we examine the relation between the medium of exchange (cash or stock) and valuation effects associated with terminated merger proposals. We find significantly higher returns for target shareholders after termination of cash offers than after termination of stock offers. This difference persists even when a subsequent merger bid does not follow and regardless of the following factors: the party deciding to terminate the offer, the presence of an acquisition program, prior foothold position, relative size of the acquisition, or the presence of competing offers. We conclude that target firm shares are revalued according to private information signaled by the offer medium that pertains to the target firm's stand-alone value or its unique synergy potential. Bidding firm shareholders experience insignificant returns, and these returns are not affected by any of the factors analyzed.