Ecological data for an orchid diversity hotspot show that the subtribe Laeliinae may be endangered in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest harbours a mega diversity of seed plants. The Parque Nacional do Itatiaia is a large and mature Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil. It includes around 10% of the Brazilian orchids and is considered a priority area for conservation. Thirty‐three species of the neotropical and very ornamental subtribe Laeliinae (Orchidaceae) have been recorded in this park, but according to our studies 13 species may be extinct locally. Here, we present ecological information, including population size, vertical distribution and orchid‐phorophyte for each species. In addition, we discuss the main factors threatening the species and the fact that official conservation policies following IUCN Red List categories and criteria at regional levels may be inappropriate for geopolitical regions, especially for overly restricted geographical areas. For this reason, some questions need to be addressed: 1) when should a decision maker be formally advised of the possibility of a species being threatened in a state, municipality or a conservation unit? 2) Below what minimum number of individuals in a population should conservation efforts (financial, logistical, etc.) be applied? These issues are particularily worrying when dealing with epiphytic orchids. For developing countries, these concerns are especially important since resources available to support biodiversity conservation actions are usually very limited. In addition, the lack of permanent control of legally protected areas, and difficulties to combat natural disturbances and predatory human activities also contribute to worsen the problems intrinsic to the conservation of these areas.