Maximum Power Point Tracking Charge Controller for Standalone PV System

[...]more PV panels need to be installed to provide the same output power capacity. In general, there is only one maximum power point on the P-V curve of a PV module where it produces maximum output power under uniform solar irradiance condition. [...]in order to achieve maximum efficiency for PV systems, some conventional maximum power point tracking algorithms such as Hill-Climbing, Perturb&Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance (Inc. Cond) [5] were employed. [...]the SEPIC configuration is a proper converter to be selected as the MPPT charge controller. [...]operating mode is when the switch is open (OFF), in which the diode is in forward-biased and the energy is supplied to the load/battery.