Mid- to late-Holocene marine inundations inferred from coastal deposits facing the Nankai Trough in Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture, southern Japan

This study investigates the Holocene sedimentary history of a small coastal lowland in Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture, on the coast of southern Japan facing the Nankai Trough. The sedimentary fill of the lowland area consists mainly of marine-brackish clay overlain by beds of freshwater clay and peat. We found four laterally extensive sand sheets, one directly underlying the freshwater deposits and the other three interbedded with them. Radiocarbon dates show that these sand sheets were deposited between 5970 and 2440 cal. BP. Although the sand sheets contained few marine-brackish diatoms, they were concentrated in the seaward part of the study site, suggesting that they were deposited by marine inundations. These sand sheets were formed as a result of tsunamis or unusually large storm surges. The apparent frequency of marine inundations during 5970–2440 cal. BP was much lower than that of megathrust earthquakes along the Nankai Trough recorded during the last 1300 years. Event deposits were absent between 2440 and 960 cal. BP, a gap that we attribute to the development of beach ridges. The new marine inundation records reported here will aid efforts to reconstruct the timing and recurrence intervals of megathrust earthquakes in the western Nankai Trough.