Your rails cannot hide from localized EM: how dual-rail logic fails on FPGAs—extended version

Protecting cryptographic implementations against side-channel attacks is a must to prevent leakage of processed secrets. As a cell-level countermeasure, so-called DPA-resistant logic styles have been proposed to prevent a data-dependent power consumption. As most of the DPA-resistant logic is based on dual rails, properly implementing them is a challenging task on FPGAs which is due to their fixed architecture and missing freedom in the design tools. While previous works show a significant security gain when using such logic on FPGAs, we demonstrate this only holds for power analysis. In contrast, our attack using high-resolution electromagnetic analysis is able to exploit local characteristics of the placement and routing such that only a marginal security gain remains, therefore creating a severe threat. To further analyze the properties of both attack and implementation, we develop a custom placer to improve the default placement of the analyzed AES S-box. Different cost functions for the placement are tested and evaluated w.r.t. the resulting side-channel resistance on a Spartan-6 FPGA. As a result, we are able to more than double the resistance of the design compared to cases not benefiting from the custom placement.