THE ATOMIC-FORCE REVOLUTION

Tracking the probe as it moves over the surface of a sample (the record) maps the forces that the tip experiences. Because the tip and sample can both attract and repel each other, with the attraction potentially locking the tip in place, scientists typically make the probe vibrate. Because the shape and makeup of probe tips varies, it is difficult to precisely measure what they are doing. SOUL-DESTROYING REPETITION If nothing else, automation could help to mitigate the arduous practical challenges faced by researchers who use atomic force microscopy (see 'High-speed image collection'). When combined with an automated system that keeps the system level, this enables carbon-monoxide-tip atomic force microscopy that provides "beautiful images", according to team member Martin Setvin.