Mapping the Reactions in a Single Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticle

Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) possesses unique functionalities for metal–metalloid removal and sequestration. So far, direct evidence on the heavy metal–nZVI reactions in the solid phase is still limited due to low concentration of heavy metals and small size of nanoparticles. In this work, angstrom-resolution spectral mappings on the reactions of nZVI with chromate, arsenate, nickel, silver, cesium, and zinc ions are presented. This work was achieved with spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy integrated with high-sensitivity X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy-scanning transmission electron microscopy (XEDS-STEM). Results confirm that iron nanoparticles have a core–shell structure. In addition, the removal mechanism significantly depends on the standard potential E 0 (E 0 is standard potential w.r.t. standard hydrogen electrode at 25 °C when free ion activity is 1.). For strong oxidizing agents, such as Cr­(VI), the removal mechanism is diffusion and encapsulation in the core area of the nZVI particle. For moderate oxidizers, such as As­(V) with E0 more positive than that of iron, the removal mechanism is adsorption at the surface, followed by diffusion and encapsulation into the particle between the core and the shell. For metal cations with an E0 close to or more negative than that of iron, such as Cs­(I) and Zn­(II), the removal mechanism is sorption or surface-complex formation. For metal cations with E 0 much more positive than that of iron, such as Ag­(I), the removal mechanism is rapid reduction on the surface of nZVI. Meanwhile, metals with E 0 slightly more positive than that of iron, such as Ni­(II), can be immobilized at the nanoparticle surface via sorption and reduction. The synergetic effects of sorption, reduction, and encapsulation mechanisms of nZVI lead to rapid reactions and high efficiency for treatment and immobilization of many toxic heavy metals. Results also demonstrate that the XEDS-STEM technique is a powerful tool for studying reactions in individual nanoparticles and is particularly valuable for mapping trace-level elements in environmental media.