Evolution of nano-size precipitation and mechanical properties in a high strength-ductility low alloy steel through intercritical treatment

A two-step intercritical heat treatment was designed to obtain a multi-phase microstructure consisting of intercritical ferrite, tempered martensite/bainite and stable retained austenite in a low carbon and copper alloyed steel, characterized by high strength and high ductility combination. The evolution of copper precipitation during intercritical tempering was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electron microscopy studies indicated that the precipitation of copper during tempering followed the sequence (as a function of time): twinned 9R-Cu (0.5h) → de-twinned 9R-Cu (1h) → ε-Cu (greater than 3h), which was accompanied by increase in the size of precipitates from ~ 11nm to ~ 30nm. Considering the cutting mechanism of precipitation strengthening, ε-Cu precipitation contributed to ~ 248MPa and ~ 207MPa toward yield strength for 3h and 5h tempering, respectively. The average size of niobium-containing carbides varied marginally from ~ 11–16nm and had a Baker–Nutting (B-N) orientation relationship with the ferrite matrix. The combination of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect and nano-sized precipitation strengthening contributed to excellent mechanical properties (yield strength > 700MPa, tensile strength > 800MPa, the uniform elongation > 16% and the total elongation > 30%).