Coupling of Community Land Model with RegCM4 for Indian Summer Monsoon Simulation

Three land surface schemes available in the regional climate model RegCM4 have been examined to understand the coupling between land and atmosphere for simulation of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. The RegCM4 is coupled with biosphere–atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Land Model versions 3.5, and 4.5 (CLM3.5 and CLM4.5, respectively) and model performance is evaluated for recent drought (2009) and normal (2011) monsoon years. The CLM4.5 has a more distinct category of surface and it is capable of representing better the land surface characteristics. National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis version 2 (NNRP2) datasets are considered as driving force to conduct the experiments for the Indian monsoon region (30°E–120°E; 30°S–50°N). The NNRP2 and India Meteorological Department (IMD) gridded precipitation data are used for verification analysis. The results indicate that RegCM4 simulations with CLM4.5 (RegCM4–CLM4.5) and CLM3.5 (RegCM4–CLM3.5) surface temperature (at 2 ms) have very low warm biases (~1 °C), while with BATS (RegCM4–BATS) has a cold bias of about 1–3 °C in peninsular India and some parts of central India. Warm bias in the RegCM4–BATS is observed over the Indo-Gangetic plain and northwest India and the bias is more for the deficit year as compared to the normal year. However, the warm (cold) bias is less in RegCM4–CLM4.5 than other schemes for both the deficit and normal years. The model-simulated maximum (minimum) surface temperature and sensible heat flux at the surface are positively (negatively) biased in all the schemes; however, the bias is higher in RegCM4–BATS and lower in RegCM4–CLM4.5 over India. All the land surface schemes overestimated the precipitation in peninsular India and underestimated in central parts of India for both the years; however, the biases are less in RegCM4–CLM4.5 and more in RegCM4–CLM3.5 and RegCM4–BATS. During both the years, BATS scheme in RegCM4 failed to represent low precipitation over the leeward than windward side of the Western Ghats, while CLM schemes (both versions) in the RegCM4 are able to depict this feature. In the topographic regions, such as the Western Ghats, northeast India and state of Jammu and Kashmir, RegCM4–BATS overestimates the rainfall amount with higher bias. Statistical analysis using anomaly correlation coefficient, root mean square error, equitable threat score, a