Environmental effects on growth and sporulation of Fusarium spp. causing internal fruit rot in bell pepper

Internal fruit rot in bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) is mainly caused by members of the Fusarium lactis species complex (FLASC) and to a lesser extent by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum . Despite the importance of the disease, there is hardly no information about growth, sporulation and germination dynamics of FLASC. In order to understand the dominance of FLASC as main pathogen of internal fruit rot, the effects of temperature (5 °C – 35 °C), water activity (a w 0.76–0.96), pH (pH 3 - pH 9) and oxygen concentration (2.5% - 20%) on growth and sporulation of all three Fusarium species were compared. In addition, germination kinetics were also investigated. FLASC showed optimal mycelium growth and sporulation in the narrow range of 25 °C, while both other strains were also tolerant for higher temperatures to 30 °C. FLASC was also characterized by a broad pH optimum from pH 3–7 while F. oxysporum (pH 4–7) and F. proliferatum (pH 5–8) were more demanding concerning pH. In addition, optimal sporulation occurred in the acid region for FLASC (pH 3) whilst neutral and alkaline pH were more favourable for the other species. Germination kinetics revealed that FLASC did not benefit from an earlier and/or faster germination process. A thorough understanding of the growth characteristics and dominance of FLASC as main pathogen for internal fruit rot is inevitable to develop sustainable control measures for the disease.