Clinical Pharmacology Tools and Evaluations to Facilitate Comprehensive Dose Finding in Oncology: A Continuous Risk‐Benefit Approach

Targeted therapies are now considered an integral component in the treatment armamentarium for many malignancies, and the approach to developing these drugs needs to be refined from the previous cytotoxic paradigm of toxicity‐guided dose finding and identification of maximum tolerated dose to a paradigm driven by target activity. Moving away from the toxicity‐driven dose finding and justification model requires an integrated approach in order to adequately characterize the risk‐benefit of a drug. This approach starts with understanding the importance of collecting samples for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessments in all phases of clinical development to fully characterize the pharmacokinetics and identify covariates and then correlating exposure to key markers of safety and efficacy in pharmacometric analyses to perform a robust risk‐benefit assessment and establish the right dose. In addition, for oral agents, decisions on administering the drug with respect to food can impact dose among other clinical trial outcomes such as tolerability and patient compliance. Understanding the importance of model‐based drug development as a decision‐making tool to support drug development through incorporation of all relevant data allows for a robust risk‐benefit assessment at key decision points. Utilization of clinical pharmacology tools and assessments throughout development will provide the key components of a successful oncology development program.