Optimization approaches in district heating and cooling thermal network

[Display omitted] •Applicable objective functions and their relations at the level of district.•Optimization of distributed integration into districts.•Optimal network configuration and component selection to design a district.•Optimal management, operation and planning and subsystem building blocks.•Widely-used optimization tools for district heating and cooling. Modelling, simulation and optimization of an isolated building separated from the district in which they operate is no longer of interest as a view point of improved efficiency, economic benefits and exploitation of renewable energy resources. Instead, district energy systems have the capacity to obtain several benefits, regarding the practical, environmental and safety by taking advantage of large poly-generation energy conversion technologies. The use of optimization techniques to design such high-efficient systems is strongly motivated by minimizing of the cost for the required infrastructures, minimizing emission, and maximizing the generation or efficiency but is particularly challenging because of the technical characteristics and the size of the real world applications. In this paper, different types of optimization problems, constraints and techniques as well as the optimization tools used in district energy systems are discussed.