Synthesis and characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes-protoporphyrin IX composites using acid functionalized or nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes

In this research we describe the synthesis and characterization of composite materials based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes and protoporphyrin IX. We compare the results of using three types of carbon nanotubes: pristine (diameter < 10 nm), acid functionalized (diameter < 10 nm), and nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (diameter ˜ 20 nm). Carbon nanotubes were mixed with protoporphyrin IX via two simple and straightforward methods using sonication, or heating-stirring. The characterization of the composites was done by Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. A diversity of coatings of the nanotubes by protoporphyrin were obtained depending on the type of nanotube used or the method of synthesis. Some carbon nanotubes increased their diameter up to 40% after the reaction with protoporphyrin. Percentages by weight up to 20% of protoporphyrin were measured by thermogravimetric analysis. We obtained experimental evidences by different techniques of the electronic interaction and the formation of covalent bonds between both constituents, above all for the composites using nanotubes < 10 nm in diameter. Some of these evidences were ~ 98% of fluorescence quenching, reduction in the intensity of the absorption bands in ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, strong reduction in the intensity of some bands in Raman spectroscopy, red and blue shifts, as well as the presence of new absorption bands in infrared spectroscopy. Nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes showed low chemical reactivity to protoporphyrin IX, perhaps due to their lower acceptor character as they could have charge transfer from nitrogen dopants to the nanotube network, or because of their metallic character.