Socio-spatial factors associated with ethnic inequalities in districts of England and Wales, 2001–2011

This paper explores the changing geography of ethnic inequality in England and Wales drawing on data from the 2001 and 2011 censuses. Specifically, we use the 2011 Office for National Statistics (ONS) area classification to examine how ethnic inequalities within local areas with different demographic and socio-economic characteristics have changed over time. Local ethnic inequalities are examined through a set of indicators which capture differences in housing, health, employment and education between ethnic minority groups and the White British in local authority districts in England and Wales. The results suggest that ethnic inequalities are widespread and persistent, and highlight the different ways in which inequalities manifest for particular ethnic groups in different localities. Ethnic inequality in housing and employment is severe for most ethnic minority groups, particularly in large urban areas that have been traditional settlement areas for ethnic minorities. However, inequalities increased most over the decade 2001–2011 in rural and coastal areas that have low ethnic diversity levels and small ethnic minority populations. The paper considers these findings in relation to theories of service provision and racism, ethnic density, and immigrant adaptation. 本文利用 2001 年和 2011 年的人口普查数据，探究了英格兰和威尔士族群不平等地理的演变。具体而言，我们利用英国 国家统计署 （ONS) 2011 的区域分级，考察了族群不平等在有着不同人口和社会经济特征的地区如何演变。文章通过一 组指标考察了地方族群不平等，这组指标捕捉了英格兰和威尔士各个地区少数族群与英国白人 之间在住房、医疗、就业和教育方面的差异。分析结果显示族裔不平等现象普遍并且持续存在, 并凸显了不平等在不同地区特定族群中的不同表现方式。对于大多数少数族群，住房和就业 方面的族群不平等最为严重，尤其是在少数族群传统居住的大都市区域。然而，在 2001-2011 这十年间，族群多样性水平低、少数族群人口少的农村和沿海地区，是不平等加剧的主要地区 。本文借鉴服务供应和种族主义、族群密度和移民适应等理论，对这些发现做了思考。