A vortex force study for a flat plate at high angle of attack

The vortex force is studied for a flat plate at arbitrarily large angle of attack. A suitable vortex force approach, adapted from a previous work, is used to study the vortex force and to build a vortex force line map to identify the force effect of any potential vortex. This map can be used exactly for a potential point vortex and approximately for a concentrated leading-edge vortex (LEV) or trailing-edge vortex (TEV); the latter are shown to have a non-potential vortex core. By means of this map, we identify a force-producing critical region, due to pressure suction, above the front and rear parts of the plate for an LEV and a TEV, respectively. The impulsively started flow problem is used as an application, with validation by computational fluid dynamics. The force variation in time is decomposed into four repeatable stages (force release, force enhancement, stall and force recovery) in close relation to the individual and combined effect by an LEV and a TEV. A pressure distribution analysis shows that force enhancement is due to pressure suction by an LEV, while stall and force recovery are respectively due to the upwash effect (which reduces the pressure below the plate) of a new TEV right off the plate and the pressure suction of this TEV having now moved above the plate. A viscous effect causes a small-amplitude oscillation on the force curves by promoting multiple small-scale LEVs.