The SAC1 domain in synaptojanin is required forￂ autophagosome maturation at presynapticￂ terminals

Presynaptic terminals are metabolically active and accrue damage through continuous vesicle cycling. How synapses locally regulate protein homeostasis is poorly understood. We show that the presynaptic lipid phosphatase synaptojanin is required for macroautophagy, and this role is inhibited by the Parkinson's disease mutation R258Q. Synaptojanin drives synaptic endocytosis by dephosphorylating PI(4,5)P2, but this function appears normal in SynaptojaninRQ knock-in flies. Instead, R258Q affects the synaptojanin SAC1 domain that dephosphorylates PI(3)P and PI(3,5)P2, two lipids found in autophagosomal membranes. Using advanced imaging, we show that SynaptojaninRQ mutants accumulate the PI(3)P/PI(3,5)P2-binding protein Atg18a on nascent synaptic autophagosomes, blocking autophagosome maturation at fly synapses and in neurites of human patient induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Additionally, we observe neurodegeneration, including dopaminergic neuron loss, in SynaptojaninRQ flies. Thus, synaptojanin is essential for macroautophagy within presynaptic terminals, coupling protein turnover with synaptic vesicle cycling and linking presynaptic-specific autophagy defects to Parkinson's disease. Synopsis Parkinson's disease-related human synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1) or Drosophila synaptojanin (Synj) SAC1 function drives autophagosome biogenesis within synapses by dephosphorylating PI(3)P/PI(3,5)P2, releasing WIPI2/Atg18a from immature autophagosomes, independent from Synj function in endocytosis. Parkinson's disease related synaptojanin RQ SAC1 mutation does not affect synaptic vesicle endocytosis at fly excitatory glutamatergic neurons and photoreceptors. Synaptojanin is required for autophagosome formation in presynaptic terminals, analogous to synaptic vesicle uncoating by synaptojanin. The PI(3)P/PI(3,5)P2-binding protein, WIPI2/Atg18a accumulates in Synj mutant flies and SYNJ1 R258Q patient-derived human induced neurons. Synaptojanin regulates Atg18a mobility at autophagosomal membranes. Synaptojanin RQ knock-in flies show neurodegeneration.