Of fragmentation and precedents in international criminal law : possible lessons from recent jurisprudence on aiding and abetting liability

Application of the standard of 'specific direction' as an element of actus reus of aiding and abetting liability - 'fragmentation' in approaches taken by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) - whether 'specific direction' has any role to play in determining correct actus reus of aiding and abetting liability in contemporary international criminal law - role of coherence and consistency - role of precedent.