Male Breast: Clinical and Imaging Evaluations of Benign and Malignant Entities with Histologic Correlation

Abstract Breast cancer is an uncommon disease in men. As a result, the diagnosis may not initially be considered. Understanding the common benign and malignant entities affecting the male breast is critical for timely and accurate diagnosis in the primary care setting. Most patients present with a palpable breast mass or pain. The usual etiology is gynecomastia, the most common breast condition in males, but breast cancer must always be excluded through careful imaging evaluation when physical examination findings are suspicious or inconclusive. Imaging of the male breast generally relies on mammography and ultrasound with mammography employed as the initial imaging modality of choice and ultrasound when a mass is detected or suspected. Here we describe the normal male breast anatomy and present an evaluation algorithm for the male patient with breast signs or symptoms. The most common benign and malignant entities are described.