Design and Synthesis of Highly Active Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) [beta]/[delta] Inverse Agonists with Prolonged Cellular Activity

Based on 3-(((4-(hexylamino)-2-methoxyphenyl)amino)sulfonyl)-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid methyl ester (ST247, compound 2), a recently described peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)[beta]/[delta]-selective inverse agonist, we designed and synthesized a series of structurally related ligands. The structural modifications presented herein ultimately resulted in a series of ligands that display increased cellular activity relative to 2. Moreover, with methyl 3-(N-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-4-(hexylamino)phenyl)sulfamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (PT-S264, compound 9u), biologically relevant plasma concentrations in mice were achieved. The compounds presented in this study will provide useful novel tools for future investigations addressing the role of PPAR[beta]/[delta] in physiological and pathophysiological processes.