Federalism and the governance of international trade negotiations in Canada: Comparing CUSFTA with CETA

When the European Union (EU) and the Canadian government announced the launching of negotiations to create a "new generation" free trade agreement, the EU insisted that provincial representatives be included on the Canadian negotiating team. The goal of this article is to explain why the provinces have gradually become key, indeed indispensable, actors in international trade negotiations. I examine how international trade negotiations are conducted in Canada, noting the enhanced role for provincial governments, and I focus on a comparison between the Canada–US free trade negotiations and the discussions for a Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Europe.