Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Fabricated by the Sol–Gel Method

Copper oxide nanoparticles were successfully prepared by a sol–gel technique. An aqueous solution of copper nitrate Cu(NO 3 ) 2 and acetic acid was used as precursor. On addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) a precipitate of copper oxide was immediately formed. The copper oxide nanoparticles were characterized by use of x-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD pattern contained sharp peaks of copper oxide nanoparticles with mixed cuprite and tenorite phases. Use of the Debye–Scherer equation showed that the crystallite size of the copper oxide nanoparticles increased with increasing annealing temperature. FTIR spectra revealed vibration of the CuO band at 473 cm −1 ; a band at 624 cm −1 was attributed to Cu 2 O. Maximum coercivity and saturation magnetization of the nanoparticles were 276 Oe and 0.034 emu/g, respectively. SEM micrographs of the nanoparticles revealed the presence of spherical nanoparticles of the tenorite phase whereas the cuprite phase was in the form of a compact deposit.