Reference inquiries received through different channels: The challenges reference librarians face in university libraries in Nigeria

Purpose - This study aims to investigate the different channels reference librarians receive reference inquiries from patrons in university libraries in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - A questionnaire was used to collect data on the various channels through which reference librarians received reference inquiries in Nigerian university libraries. The questionnaire was administered using an online method. Findings - It emerged that the face-to-face traditional reference desk was rated as the highest channel through which librarians receive reference inquiries in Nigeria, followed by library Facebook page and phone/short message service (SMS). Instant messaging (IM) and e-mail were identified as the least used channels by the patrons. The challenges mentioned include the absence of policy statements concerning virtual reference services; the lack of information and communications technology (ICT) skills on the part of librarians; slow Internet connectivity; power failures; management's lack of support for emerging technologies; IM's limitations; user's expectations of instant answer; inarticulate requests; and lack of adequate current reference materials. Research limitations/implications - The findings are from a small sample size; therefore, the findings may not be substantial enough to generalize. Further study is necessary to determine if these results are consistent throughout other university libraries in Nigeria. Originality/value - The findings will inform university libraries in developing countries that are planning to adopt virtual reference services to deliver reference services to users anywhere, anytime.