The oxygen fugacity at which graphite or diamond forms from carbonate-bearing melts in eclogitic rocks

The oxygen fugacity ( f O 2 ) at which carbonate-bearing melts are reduced to either graphite or diamond in synthetic eclogite compositions has been measured in multi-anvil experiments performed at pressures between 3 and 7 GPa and temperatures between 800 and 1,300 °C using iron–iridium and iron–platinum alloys as sliding redox sensors. The determined oxygen fugacities buffered by the coexistence of elemental carbon and carbonate-bearing melt are approximately 1 log unit below thermodynamic calculations for a similar redox buffering equilibrium involving only solid phases. The measured oxygen fugacities normalized to the fayalite–magnetite–quartz oxygen buffer decrease with temperature from ~−0.8 to ~−1.7 log units at 3 GPa, most likely as a result of increasing dilution of the carbonate liquid with silicate. The normalized f O 2 values also decrease with pressure and show a similar decrease with temperature at 6 GPa from ~−1.5 log units at 1,100 °C to ~−2.4 log units at 1,300 °C. In contrast to previous arguments, the stability field of the carbonate-bearing melt extends to lower oxygen fugacity in eclogite rocks than in peridotite rocks, which implies a wider range of conditions over which carbon remains mobile in natural eclogites. The raised prevalence of diamonds in eclogites compared to peridotites may, therefore, reflect more effective scavenging of carbon by melts in these rocks. The ferric iron contents of monomineralic layers of clinopyroxene and garnet contained in the same experiments were also measured using Mössbauer spectroscopy. A preliminary model was derived for determining the f O 2 of eclogitic rocks from the compositions of garnet and clinopyroxene, including the Fe 3+ /ΣFe ratio of garnet, using the equilibrium, 5 CaFeSi 2 O 6 cpx + 1 / 3 Ca 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 garnet + O 2 = 2 Ca 3 Fe 2 Si 3 O 12 garnet + 1 / 3 Fe 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 garnet + 4 SiO 2 coesite The model, which reproduces the independently determined f O 2 of the experimental data to within 0.5 log units, can be used to estimate the f O 2 of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic eclogites and cratonic eclogitic xenoliths. Although there are very few analyses of garnet Fe 3+ /ΣFe ratios from eclogite samples, the range in f O 2 recorded by available eclogitic xenoliths is similar to that reported for peridotitic xenoliths and generally within the graphite/diamond stability field. Estimates for the average bulk Fe 3+ /ΣFe ratio of modern basaltic oceanic crust, however, are higher th