Plagioclase as archive of magma ascent dynamics on “open conduit” volcanoes: The 2001–2006 eruptive period at Mt. Etna

Plagioclase is the most common phenocryst in all Etnean magmatic suites (~50% in volume), as well as in most lavas erupted worldwide. Its stability field is strongly dependent on the physico-chemical conditions of the melt and, consequently, it can be used as a tool to record the processes occurring within the feeding system. With this aim, a detailed textural and compositional study of plagioclase was performed on the products emitted during the 2001, 2002–2003, 2004–2005 and 2006 eruptions. Four distinct textures were recognized at the crystal cores: (1) clear and rounded (An73–85), (2) dusty and rounded (An73–85), (3) sieved (An82–88) and (4) patchy (An60–81), while two distinct textures are commonly observed at the crystal rim: (1) dusty (An73–90) and (2) with melt inclusion alignments (An70–76). Moreover all plagioclases present a thin (10–20μm) outermost less calcic (An53–76) rim. For each crystal a complex evolutionary path was reconstructed, and several growth and resorption episodes were identified. The fO2 was estimated using Plag–Cpx/liquid equilibrium in order to calculate the Fe+3/Fe2+ ratio in the melt and, in turn, to reconstruct the primitive magma composition by adding a wehrlitic assemblage to the least evolved lava of the four eruptive episodes. MELTS modeling was then developed using this primary magma composition, as well as a trachybasaltic lava. Calculations were performed at variable pressures (400–50MPa, step of 0.50MPa) and H2O contents (3.5–0wt.%, step 0.5wt.%) in order to estimate the crystallization temperature of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and spinel, decreasing T from the liquidus down to 1000°C at steps of 20°C. P–T and water contents were also determined using geothermobarometers and plagioclase–melt hygrometers respectively, aiming at verifying the parameters used in the MELTS modeling. At this point plagioclase textural features and compositions were related to specific P–T–fO2–H2O conditions. Plagioclase stability models indicate that: (1) H2O strongly influences the plagioclase–melt equilibrium allowing the crystallizations of more calcic compositions only at shallow levels; (2) patchy cores form at high pressure (up to 350MPa) and low water content (