Bringing O'odham into the "Pimería Alta": Introduction

O'odham points of view tend to be excluded from these interpretations, primarily due to the nature of a documentary record assembled almost entirely from the writings of European outsiders. Because O'odham had no written language of their own and few could read or write in Spanish, O'odham "voices" in this record are mostly limited to legal testimonies that pass through multiple filters-framed in response to Spanish questions, delivered through interpreters, and recorded by Spanish scribes.