A review of recent non-target toxicity testing of vertebrate pesticides: establishing generic guidelines

An analysis of the range, extent and importance of New Zealand-based ecotoxicology studies has been completed to better understand the hazards and non-target risks associated with new toxins and baits. This review focuses on compounds that have been recently developed for incorporation into bait for terrestrial vertebrate pest control, namely cholecalciferol, para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) and zinc phosphide and the effects of these toxins on non-target species. Testing of these compounds has included cage and pen toxicity and bait acceptance studies. Locally conducted acute toxicity studies clarify overseas data and enhance risk assessments. Consistency in approach and selection of surrogate species, and careful selection of native non-target species for acute toxicity testing in cage and pen trials are recommended as important steps before field trials. We propose a systematic approach to cage and pen trials and offer guidelines on species selection.