Occupation and Ideology: The Case of the Small Businessman

Political theorists since Aristotle have viewed the middle classes as a source of social stability. In recent times some writers have pointed to a decline in the opportunities for small businessmen, one of the core groups of the old middle classes. The argument has been that as opportunities decline, the tendency of small businessmen is to harbor fundamentalist wishes to return to a less complicated economic system and to experience a disenchantment with democratic institutions. In this paper we review and criticize several approaches to the study of the consequences of changes in the opportunities for small businessmen. We reconceptualize opportunity in such a way that satisfactions in some areas of the work experience of entrepreneurs are seen as compensating for dissatisfactions in others. The result is that some small businessmen accommodate to the status quo. Selected results of a preliminary study are reported. We then suggest some of the implications of this accommodation for the functioning of a democratic society.