Réflexions théoriques et méthodologiques à propos de l'ethnoscience

This article is an abstract both didactic and critical about ethnoscience, which is a new approach to cultural phenomena and whose main purpose is to better the quality of ethnographic description and analysis by means of linguistic techniques. In spite of some weakness, for example the attribution of too much autonomy to cultural or symbolic systems from the social relations systems in which the former develop, ethnoscience remains nevertheless an important " conquest " and deserves the interest of every social scientist; and that for many reasons, particularly since: 1) among the studies of societies, even of contemporary ones, there are few systematic studies of the cognitive organization of experience; 2) it may be fulfilling to apply ethnoscience to the sociology of knowledge and culture which has but little progressed for a few years since ethnoscience can define the field of study more accurately and can provide elaborated techniques; 3) eliciting process brings out the traditional problem of the relationship between observed/observer and solves it accordingly. It enables us to formalize an " Habitus " that sociologists, among others, are still trying to acquire often through a false and superficial non-directivity. However ethnographers will have to solve the theoretical problems underlying this practice in order to nurture the hopes set on ethnoscience: 1) the universality of the set, Question/Answer; 2) the universality of ways of classification such as taxinomy; 3) the relative autonomy of cultural systems. In other words they will have to explicit their theory of ethnographic knowledge and formulate a theory of social system. /// Es ese artículo un relato juntamente didáctico y crítico de la etnociencia, nuevo acceso a los fenómenos culturales y que tiene el objetivo primero de mejorar, con la introducción de técnicas linguísticas, la calidad de las descripciones y de los análisis etnográficos. A pesar de cierto número de defectos, por ejemplo el reconocimiento de una demasiado grande autonomía de los sistemas culturales o simbólicos en proporción de los sistemas de relaciones sociales en los que nacen esos sistemas culturales, sigue siendo sin embargo la etnociencia una "conquista" importante y merece atraer la atención de los especialistas de todas las ciencias sociales. Y eso para varios motivos: 1) en el estudio de las sociedades incluso las contemporáneas, son raras las investigaciones rigurosas cuyo objeto específico es la organización co