Excessive fluoride intake alters the MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TGF-[beta] levels of periodontal soft tissues: an experimental study in rabbits

This study evaluated the influence of fluoride on periodontal soft tissues by investigating any alterations in their MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TGF-β profiles secondary to excessive fluoride intake. Fluorosis was induced in 18 rabbits (test group) through consumption of fluoride added to drinking water, whereas 10 rabbits consumed regular tap water as daily supply (control group). Following fluorosis verification, animals were sacrificed and their 1st mandibular molar teeth were utilized in the assessments. MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TGF-β were separately investigated for gingival epithelium (GE), gingival connective tissue (GC) and periodontal ligament (PL) to evaluate periodontal soft tissues. Histological sections were prepared from the groups, the parameters were determined by immunohistochemistry, and their levels were calculated by quantification of the immunostainings. Staining intensity of MMP-2 in GC and PL (p