High Concentration Formulation Studies of an IgG2 Antibody Using Small Angle X-ray Scattering

ABSTRACT Purpose Concentrated protein formulations are strongly influenced by protein-protein interactions. These can be probed at low protein concentration by e.g. virial coefficients. It was recently suggested that interactions are attractive at short distances and repulsive at longer distances. Measurements at low concentrations mainly sample longer distances, hence may not predict high concentration behavior. Here we demonstrate that small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements simultaneously collect information on interactions at short and long distances. Methods IgG2 antibody samples at concentrations up to 122 mg/ml are analyzed using SAXS and compared to Circular Dichroism (CD), Fluorescence, Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis. Results DLS and SEC analyses reveal attraction between antibodies at high concentrations. SAXS data analysis provides an elaborate understanding and shows both attractive and repulsive forces. The protein-protein interactions are strongly affected by excipients. No change in the solution state of IgG2 is observed at pH 4–8, while samples at pH 3 exhibit heavy oligomerization. The solution conformation of the examined IgG2 derived from SAXS data is a T-shape. Conclusion SAXS analysis resolves simultaneous attractive and repulsive interactions, and details the effect of excipients on the interactions, while providing three-dimensional structural information from low-concentration samples.