Transformative paths, multi-scalarity of knowledge bases and Industry 4.0

This chapter discusses the role of combinatorial knowledge and its multi-scalarity in shaping the transformation paths of local productive systems that are affected by the gales of contemporary technological change. Analytic knowledge is often created with the application of experiment-based methods. The value is extracted from the application of scientific principles and theoretical modes of learning. Synthetic knowledge relies on inductive processes of problem solving. The pulp and paper industry has developed for almost a century, with a strong presence of manufacturing plants and R&D laboratories as part of some large national and international companies, together with a population of specialized small and medium-sized enterprises, also including those related to forest works. A key issue that emerges from the literature that links knowledge bases to transformative paths is that effective combinatorial knowledge processes require local and global spaces to be bridged or connected.