Anatomy of the Upper Limb

This chapter provides an overview of the topographical, systematic, and applied anatomy of the upper limb. The osteology of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm, and hand is given first to provide a sound understanding of the upper limb skeleton. The anatomy of the joints of the upper limb is detailed, and the ligaments, nerves, and muscles acting on each joint are explained. The muscles of the upper limb are explained in the context of muscle compartments. The origin, insertion, action, and nerve supply of the muscles are explained. The nerve supply is of crucial importance to the correct functioning of the upper limb and hand, and an understanding of the anatomy of the brachial plexus is of vital importance. The functional, applied, and clinical aspects of the anatomy of the hand and wrist are explained, including movements and types of grip. The axilla is a region of clinical importance, and the boundaries, contents, and surgical importance of the axilla are detailed. At the end of the chapter there are practice exam questions for review. In conclusion, this chapter provides a thorough understanding of the gross and applied anatomy of the upper limb and an introduction to important clinical and surgical aspects. This chapter provides an overview of the topographical, systematic, and applied anatomy of the upper limb. The osteology of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm, and hand is given first to provide a sound understanding of the upper limb skeleton. The functional, applied, and clinical aspects of the anatomy of the hand and wrist are explained, including movements and types of grip. The axilla is a region of clinical importance, and the boundaries, contents, and surgical importance of the axilla are detailed. The pectoral girdle comprises the clavicle and scapula. Together, they form a strut to keep the upper limb positioned lateral to the thoracic cage and allow for rotation, abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension of the glenohumeral joint. The axillary nerve exits the axilla with the posterior circumflex artery via the quadrangular space. It then divides into three terminal branches: anterior, articular branches to the shoulder joint, and posterior branches.