Compromising Islam for patriotism: A secular state? A Western Islam?

One of the most profound but underacknowledged impacts of Islamophobia is on Muslims’ own relationships to Islam. While we must understand Islamophobia as a tool of coloniality, the impact of its race-making, counterinsurgency and co-option on Muslims as Muslim must be accounted for too. These processes impact everyday Muslims’ ability to practice and narrate Islam, to participate in Islamic institutions, critique other Muslims and even impart knowledge. Therefore, our analysis of Muslims as a racialised category comprising Muslims and those perceived to be, must not overlook the fact that racialisation of Islam has spiritual repercussions. Anti-racism that shows solidarity with