China’s animal protection NGOs

The rise of non-government organisations (NGOs) is a new development in China’s reform era. In the last four decades, NGOs have emerged, taken root, and expanded in areas where the party-state’s presence was weak. The fact that China has stuck with the Leninist party-state while allowing the operation of NGOs has attracted much academic attention (White and Shang 1996; Saich 2000, 124–41). These scholars have considered a wide range of NGOs in areas such as foster care (Shang 2002, 203–30; Shang and Wu 2003, 523–40), environmental protection (Ho, Peter 2001, 893–921), trade unions (Ho, Peter 2001,