Electrochemical Biosensors with Nanointerface for Food, Water Quality, and Healthcare Applications

Sensors have become an indispensable part of life and are being integrated in systems ranging from biomedical to automobile. Electrochemical biosensors in particular have made a significant mark as a prominent diagnostic tool in healthcare, water, and food quality applications. This chapter presents the importance of nanointerfaces in the development of redox and inhibition‐based electrochemical biosensors. The role of nanointerfaces, consisting of metal, metal oxide, carbon derivatives, ionic liquids, polymers and core–shell nanoparticles, and metal–organic frameworks, in the charge transfer process, and the overall performance of electrochemical sensors, are presented. As the enzymes play the decisive role in detecting specific markers, the redox and inhibition reactions in the presence of enzymes, including glucose oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, glyoxalase‐1, superoxide dismutase, fructose dehydrogenase, polyphenol oxidase, xanthine oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, diamine oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase, are analyzed. The sensing mechanisms involved in the detection of biomarkers of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and pre‐diabetic status are narrated. Also, enzymatic inhibition types of electrochemical sensors to detect water and food contaminations by heavy metal ions, pesticides, and pathogens are highlighted.