Risk factors associated with Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is one of the serious public health problems worldwide and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Viral hepatitis during pregnancy poses problems like a high risk of maternal complications, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), and challenges in the management of drugs. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of HBV infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women who attended public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A multicenter prospective cohort study with a nested case-control was conducted from January 2019 to December 2020 in 5 public hospitals with maternal and child health care services in Addis Ababa. Three hundred pregnant women whose screening results for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were positive and another 300 with negative HBsAg were involved. Laboratory test results of blood samples and structured questionnaires were used to collect the data. Data was entered and analyzed by SPSS version 20 software using descriptive and logistic regression analyses. Of the 12,138 pregnant women who screened for HBsAg as routine antenatal care (ANC), 369 (3.04%) were positive. All of the sociodemographic characteristics did not significantly differ in both the cases and the controls. Body tattooing (AOR = 1.66; 95 CI: 1.008-2.728), multiple sexual partners (AOR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.604-3.901), family history of HBV (AOR = 2.62; 95% CI: 1.239-5.547), and sharing sharp materials (AOR = 3.02; 95% CI: 1.87-4.87) were factors associated with increased risk of HBV infection. An intermediate endemicity of HBV infection was detected among pregnant women. Body tattooing, having multiple sexual partners, family history of HBV, and sharing sharp materials were significantly associated with HBV infection. Awareness creation on the mode of transmission and early screening of all pregnant women for HBsAg must be strengthened to minimize and control the spread of the infection.