The cross-kingdom interaction between Helicobacter pylori and Candida albicans

A total of 36% gastric ulcers patients, 2% non-ulcerative dyspepsia patients, and 56% large-scale gastric ulcers (greater than 2 cm) patients with H. pylori have fungal co-colonization in the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as C. albicans and Candida krusei, indicating the strong relationship between fungi and H. pylori in ulcerative lesions [8]. Besides C. albicans, clinical isolates of Candida dubliniensis, C. krusei, and Candida tropicalis have also found the H. pylori internalization by amplifying the 16S rDNA of H. pylori [20,21], suggesting that this kind of interaction manner between H. pylori and yeast can occur in different species. The presence of H. pylori may induce a stress response that activate the formation of volutin granules in the vacuoles of C. albicans. [...]more evidence is needed to distinguish the “dancing bodies” in the vacuole and evaluate the cross-kingdom interaction mechanisms between C. albicans and H. pylori. [...]the effectiveness of this treatment declined to unacceptably low levels due to the antibiotic resistance in less than a decade [34]. [...]the use of antibiotics from the “standard triple treatment” significantly reduced the alpha and beta diversity of gastrointestinal flora, mainly including Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Escherichia coli.