Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia without a compromised illness

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is a fatal respiratory infection, mostly associated with immunocompromised conditions. Several reports have described PCP development in patients who were not immunocompromised, but the clinical course and prognosis of PCP are not well understood. We compared the clinical characteristics and prognoses between patients with and without immunocompromised conditions who developed PCP. We retrospectively analyzed patients who had been treated for PCP from three hospitals. We defined immunocompromised (IC) status as following: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; hematological malignancy; solid organ tumor under chemotherapy; rheumatic disease; medication with immunosuppressive agents. Patients without immunocompromised status were defined as being non-immunocompromised (non-IC). The IC and non-IC groups comprised 173 and 14 patients. The median ages were 62.0 and 74.0 years in the IC and the non-IC group, respectively. The median interval between admission and anti-PCP treatment was significantly longer for patients in the non-IC group than that for patients in the IC group (7 vs. 2 days). The in-hospital mortality rates were significantly higher for patients in the non-IC group than that for patients in the IC group (71.4% vs. 43.9%; P = 0.047). A longer interval between admission and anti-PCP therapy was associated with increased 90-day mortality rate in patients with PCP (hazard ratio, 1.082; 95% confidence interval, 1.015-1.153; P = 0.016). Patients with PCP with no predisposing illnesses were older and had higher mortality rates than IC patients with PCP. Delayed anti-PCP treatment was associated with increased 90-day mortality.