Low enrollment and high treatment success in children with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Ethiopia: A ten years national retrospective cohort study

Limited evidence exists on the treatment outcome and factors that are associated with the duration from the initiation of treatment to death or treatment failure in children with drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). Thus, we aimed to determine the proportion of treatment enrollment, status of treatment outcome and determine factors that are associated with the duration from treatment initiation to death or treatment failure in children treated for DR-TB in Ethiopia. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in children younger than 15 years old who were treated for DR-TB from February 2009 to February 2019 in Ethiopia. We collected data on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics from clinical charts, registration books and laboratory result reports on 155 children. Proportion of enrollment to the treatment was calculated by dividing the total number of children who were receiving the treatment by the total number of DR-TB patients treated during the specified years. We used Cox proportional hazard models to determine factors that were associated with the duration from the beginning of the treatment to death or treatment failure. Data was analyzed using STATA version 14. Of the 3,478 DR-TB patients enrolled into the treatment and fulfilling our inclusion criteria during the past ten years, 155 (4.5%) were children. Of the 155 children, 75 (48.4%) completed the treatment and 51 (32.9%) were cured. Furthermore, 18 (11.6%) children were died, seven (4.5%) lost to follow up and treatment of four (2.6%) children was failed. The overall treatment success was 126 (81.3%). Age younger than 5 years old [Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) = 3.2, 95%CI (1.2-8.3)], HIV sero-reactivity [AHR = 5.3, 95%CI (1.8-14.9)] and being anemic [AHR = 4.3, 95%CI (1.8-10.3)] were significantly associated with the duration from the enrollment into the treatment to death or treatment failure. In this study, the proportion of children enrolled into DR-TB treatment was lower than the proportion of adults enrolled to the treatment (4.5% in children versus 95.5% in adults) in last ten years. Our findings also suggest that children with DR-TB can be successfully treated with standardized long term regimen. Further prospective cohort study is required to investigate factors contributing to death or treatment failure.