Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Kerala, South India: Analysis of a community based cross-sectional study
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death and disability in Kerala, India. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a constellation of established risk factors for CAD. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of MS and evaluate the association between MS and CAD using a community-based sample populati...
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| description | Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death and disability in Kerala, India. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a constellation of established risk factors for CAD. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of MS and evaluate the association between MS and CAD using a community-based sample population.
A cross-sectional community based survey was conducted in urban and rural areas of Kerala in 2011. We included 5063 individuals for analysis. Age standardized prevalence of MS, associated diagnoses (hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia) and other potential risk factors were assessed for men and women in both urban and rural locations. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were developed to identify participant characteristics that are associated with MS.
After standardization for age and adjustment for sex and urban-rural distribution, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Kerala was 24%, 29% and 33% for the NCEP ATP III, IDF and AHA/NHLBI Harmonization definitions, respectively. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 51 (14) years, and 60% were women. Women had a higher prevalence of MS than men (28% versus 20% for ATP III, p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0192372 |
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A cross-sectional community based survey was conducted in urban and rural areas of Kerala in 2011. We included 5063 individuals for analysis. Age standardized prevalence of MS, associated diagnoses (hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia) and other potential risk factors were assessed for men and women in both urban and rural locations. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were developed to identify participant characteristics that are associated with MS.
After standardization for age and adjustment for sex and urban-rural distribution, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Kerala was 24%, 29% and 33% for the NCEP ATP III, IDF and AHA/NHLBI Harmonization definitions, respectively. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 51 (14) years, and 60% were women. Women had a higher prevalence of MS than men (28% versus 20% for ATP III, p<0.001). Similarly, participants living in urban areas had higher prevalence of MS than their rural counterparts (26% versus 22%, p<0.001). Elevated body mass index, older age, and female sex were associated with MS in an adjusted multivariate model. The propensity for definite CAD was 1.7 times higher in individuals with MS defined based on ATP III criteria compared to those without MS (Adjusted OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.3-2.2, p<0.001).
One of four to one of three adult individuals in Kerala have MS based on different criteria. Higher propensity for CAD in individuals with MS in Kerala calls for urgent steps to prevent and control the burden of metabolic conditions.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192372</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29584725</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Age ; ATP ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Body mass ; Body mass index ; Body size ; Cardiology ; Cardiovascular disease ; Care and treatment ; Complications and side effects ; Coronary artery ; Coronary artery disease ; Coronary heart disease ; Coronary vessels ; Cross-sectional studies ; Diabetes ; Diabetes mellitus ; Earth Sciences ; Exercise ; Funding ; Health care ; Health risks ; Heart diseases ; Hospitals ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Hypertension ; Lifestyles ; Medical research ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Metabolic diseases ; Metabolic disorders ; Metabolic syndrome ; Methods ; Mortality ; Obesity ; Population ; Preventive medicine ; Public health ; Regression analysis ; Regression models ; Risk analysis ; Risk factors ; Rural areas ; Sex ; Standardization ; Urban areas</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2018-03, Vol.13 (3), p.e0192372-e0192372</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2018 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2018 Harikrishnan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2018 Harikrishnan et al 2018 Harikrishnan et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-c97e12fb5a67cad52abc3ee2291d934baed013266140e9165147725219639b683</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-c97e12fb5a67cad52abc3ee2291d934baed013266140e9165147725219639b683</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8754-4243</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5870937/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5870937/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79343,79344</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29584725$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Harikrishnan, S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sarma, Smitha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sanjay, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jeemon, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krishnan, M N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Venugopal, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mohanan, P P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jeyaseelan, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thankappan, K R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zachariah, G</creatorcontrib><title>Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Kerala, South India: Analysis of a community based cross-sectional study</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death and disability in Kerala, India. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a constellation of established risk factors for CAD. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of MS and evaluate the association between MS and CAD using a community-based sample population.
A cross-sectional community based survey was conducted in urban and rural areas of Kerala in 2011. We included 5063 individuals for analysis. Age standardized prevalence of MS, associated diagnoses (hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia) and other potential risk factors were assessed for men and women in both urban and rural locations. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were developed to identify participant characteristics that are associated with MS.
After standardization for age and adjustment for sex and urban-rural distribution, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Kerala was 24%, 29% and 33% for the NCEP ATP III, IDF and AHA/NHLBI Harmonization definitions, respectively. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 51 (14) years, and 60% were women. Women had a higher prevalence of MS than men (28% versus 20% for ATP III, p<0.001). Similarly, participants living in urban areas had higher prevalence of MS than their rural counterparts (26% versus 22%, p<0.001). Elevated body mass index, older age, and female sex were associated with MS in an adjusted multivariate model. The propensity for definite CAD was 1.7 times higher in individuals with MS defined based on ATP III criteria compared to those without MS (Adjusted OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.3-2.2, p<0.001).
One of four to one of three adult individuals in Kerala have MS based on different criteria. Higher propensity for CAD in individuals with MS in Kerala calls for urgent steps to prevent and control the burden of metabolic conditions.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>ATP</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Body mass</subject><subject>Body mass index</subject><subject>Body size</subject><subject>Cardiology</subject><subject>Cardiovascular disease</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Complications and side effects</subject><subject>Coronary artery</subject><subject>Coronary artery disease</subject><subject>Coronary heart disease</subject><subject>Coronary vessels</subject><subject>Cross-sectional studies</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Diabetes mellitus</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Funding</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Heart 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of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Kerala, South India: Analysis of a community based cross-sectional study</title><author>Harikrishnan, S ; Sarma, Smitha ; Sanjay, G ; Jeemon, P ; Krishnan, M N ; Venugopal, K ; Mohanan, P P ; Jeyaseelan, L ; Thankappan, K R ; Zachariah, G</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-c97e12fb5a67cad52abc3ee2291d934baed013266140e9165147725219639b683</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Age</topic><topic>ATP</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Body mass</topic><topic>Body mass index</topic><topic>Body size</topic><topic>Cardiology</topic><topic>Cardiovascular disease</topic><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>Complications and side effects</topic><topic>Coronary artery</topic><topic>Coronary artery disease</topic><topic>Coronary heart disease</topic><topic>Coronary 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Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Harikrishnan, S</au><au>Sarma, Smitha</au><au>Sanjay, G</au><au>Jeemon, P</au><au>Krishnan, M N</au><au>Venugopal, K</au><au>Mohanan, P P</au><au>Jeyaseelan, L</au><au>Thankappan, K R</au><au>Zachariah, G</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Kerala, South India: Analysis of a community based cross-sectional study</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2018-03-27</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>e0192372</spage><epage>e0192372</epage><pages>e0192372-e0192372</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death and disability in Kerala, India. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a constellation of established risk factors for CAD. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of MS and evaluate the association between MS and CAD using a community-based sample population.
A cross-sectional community based survey was conducted in urban and rural areas of Kerala in 2011. We included 5063 individuals for analysis. Age standardized prevalence of MS, associated diagnoses (hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia) and other potential risk factors were assessed for men and women in both urban and rural locations. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were developed to identify participant characteristics that are associated with MS.
After standardization for age and adjustment for sex and urban-rural distribution, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Kerala was 24%, 29% and 33% for the NCEP ATP III, IDF and AHA/NHLBI Harmonization definitions, respectively. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 51 (14) years, and 60% were women. Women had a higher prevalence of MS than men (28% versus 20% for ATP III, p<0.001). Similarly, participants living in urban areas had higher prevalence of MS than their rural counterparts (26% versus 22%, p<0.001). Elevated body mass index, older age, and female sex were associated with MS in an adjusted multivariate model. The propensity for definite CAD was 1.7 times higher in individuals with MS defined based on ATP III criteria compared to those without MS (Adjusted OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.3-2.2, p<0.001).
One of four to one of three adult individuals in Kerala have MS based on different criteria. Higher propensity for CAD in individuals with MS in Kerala calls for urgent steps to prevent and control the burden of metabolic conditions.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>29584725</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0192372</doi><tpages>e0192372</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8754-4243</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
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| source | DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Age ATP Biology and Life Sciences Body mass Body mass index Body size Cardiology Cardiovascular disease Care and treatment Complications and side effects Coronary artery Coronary artery disease Coronary heart disease Coronary vessels Cross-sectional studies Diabetes Diabetes mellitus Earth Sciences Exercise Funding Health care Health risks Heart diseases Hospitals Hypercholesterolemia Hypertension Lifestyles Medical research Medicine and Health Sciences Metabolic diseases Metabolic disorders Metabolic syndrome Methods Mortality Obesity Population Preventive medicine Public health Regression analysis Regression models Risk analysis Risk factors Rural areas Sex Standardization Urban areas |
| title | Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Kerala, South India: Analysis of a community based cross-sectional study |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-02T03%3A11%3A22IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prevalence%20of%20metabolic%20syndrome%20and%20its%20risk%20factors%20in%20Kerala,%20South%20India:%20Analysis%20of%20a%20community%20based%20cross-sectional%20study&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Harikrishnan,%20S&rft.date=2018-03-27&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=e0192372&rft.epage=e0192372&rft.pages=e0192372-e0192372&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0192372&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA532485924%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2019025703&rft_id=info:pmid/29584725&rft_galeid=A532485924&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_b85ade445b0348978ef7b1b2d64700ad&rfr_iscdi=true |