Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency among HIV-infected and uninfected injection drug users

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent and is associated with bone disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and malignancy. Injection drug users (IDUs), with or without HIV infection, are at risk for these conditions; however, limited data on vitamin D deficiency exist in this population. We determined the prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency among urban IDUs in the AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience (ALIVE) Study cohort. For this cross-sectional sub-study, vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)-vitamin D level